Pigmentation principles: why powdered pigment doesn't work

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• Pigmentation principles: why powdered pigment doesn't work

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  	This text was written after a Wednesday get-together where a discussion about the pigmentation of plaster developed. Since I wasn't able to explain everything on the spot, I decided to put it all down on paper — and the principles in question apply more broadly than plaster itself anyway.
  
  	1. What is a pigment — and what is not
  
  	  
  
  	A pigment is a substance that imparts color by selectively absorbing certain wavelengths of visible light and reflecting others. A black pigment absorbs almost all wavelengths; a red pigment absorbs blue and green and reflects red. It is important to distinguish a pigment from a filler. Fillers are white or neutral substances that are added to paints, coatings, and masses to increase volume, improve texture, or reduce cost—but do not provide strong color or good hiding power on their own. Typical fillers include calcium carbonate (chalk, CaCO₃), calcium sulfate (gypsum, CaSO₄), barium sulfate, and similar materials. The difference between a true pigment and a filler is not just in color—it lies in a physical property called the index of refraction.
  
  	2. Refractive index and opacity
  
  	  
  
  	The refractive index (IR) describes how much light is refracted and scattered when it passes through a substance or encounters its surface. The higher it is, the more the particle scatters light — and thus appears more opaque, "opaque". A few comparative values: Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) — IR around 2.7 → excellent coverage, strongest white pigment Zinc oxide (ZnO) — IR around 2.0 → good coverage Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) — IR around 1.59 → poor coverage, filler Calcium sulfate / gypsum (CaSO₄) — IR around 1.52 → almost transparent in a binder, filler This means that gypsum and chalk, although white as a powder, become almost transparent in the formulation of a coating or mass. They do not compete with the pigment — they are subordinate to it. That's why a small amount of pigment easily and evenly colors a gypsum or chalk-based mass, while the same amount of pigment in a mass containing TiO₂ would be barely visible.
  
  	3. Agglomeration — the enemy of even color
  
  	  
  
  	Pigment powders do not exist as perfectly separate particles. Due to electrostatic attractive forces and surface tension, the particles spontaneously group into clusters called agglomerates or aggregates. Agglomeration is particularly pronounced in: fine particles (the smaller the particle, the higher the surface area to volume ratio, so the attractive forces are relatively stronger) pigments with a high specific surface area, such as carbon black high temperature or humidity conditions When pigment powder is mixed with filler or binder powder, the agglomerates do not break down—they remain as compact clusters. The visual result is an uneven color: dark spots where pigment particles have accumulated, and pale areas where they are absent. The user then concludes that "more pigment is needed"—but this is not true. The problem is not a lack of pigment, but its poor distribution.
  
  	4. Dispersion — meaning properly dispersed pigment
  
  	  
  
  	Dispersion is the process of breaking up agglomerates and evenly distributing individual pigment particles throughout a medium (water, oil, binder). A well-dispersed pigment means that the particles are as evenly distributed as possible — each filler or binder particle "sees" the pigment, not just the neighborhood of the agglomerate. Dispersion is achieved by mechanical and chemical means: Mechanical: mixing with high shear forces (mixers, mill aggregates, ultrasound). Mixing with a spoon or spatula is not sufficient to break up agglomerates. Chemical: the use of dispersants and surfactants that adsorb to the surface of the particle and prevent it from re-adhering to neighboring particles.
  
  	5. Why liquid colorant works better than powdered pigment
  
  	  
  
  	Liquid colorants are not just pigment dissolved in water. They are ready-made systems that contain: Pigment — already dispersed to the level of individual particles or very small clusters Dispersants and surfactants — which keep the particles separated and prevent re-agglomeration Liquid medium — which allows the pigment to be evenly distributed throughout the material being colored before that material begins to set or dry When a liquid colorant is added to the mixing water (e.g. in gypsum, concrete, mortar), the pigment is already in an ideal state of dispersion. The same amount of pigment is evenly delivered to each part of the mixture. The color effect is therefore much more intense than with dry-mixed pigment — with a significantly lower total amount of pigment. The same logic applies to paints and varnishes: pigment pastes and dispersed pigments provide better coverage and color uniformity than pigments that have not undergone the dispersion process.
  
  	6. Practical application — gypsum example
  
  	Gypsum is a good example because it illustrates all the above principles at once. Because it has a low refractive index (~1.52), it is not a true white pigment — it does not resist staining when mixed with a binder. This means that a small amount of black pigment can easily and evenly color the gypsum mass. Why then does it happen to many people that they have to add a large proportion of pigment in relation to the mass of plaster? Because they mix the pigment in powder form directly into the gypsum powder. Pigment agglomerates (especially Fe₃O₄ or carbon black) remain intact, the distribution is uneven, and the result is disappointing. The conclusion "we need more" is wrong — we need better.
  
  	Correct procedure:
  
  	  
  
  	Add the colorant (or pigment dispersed in water) to the mixing water Mix the water with the colorant well Only then add the gypsum and mix until a homogeneous mixture This way, the pigment is distributed throughout the entire mass before the gypsum begins to set. The result is an even, intense color with a much smaller amount of pigment than with dry mixing. For those who do not have access to professional colorants, a good alternative are liquid pigment additives available in building paint stores — usually in the form of small bottles intended for tinting wall paints. It is the same principle: the pigment is already dispersed in a liquid medium with additives that prevent agglomeration. Added to the mixing water, they give a more even result than powdered pigment with a significantly smaller amount.
  
  	Conclusion
  
  	The intensity and uniformity of color in a mass depend not only on the amount of pigment — they depend on how well the pigment is dispersed. A pigment powder mixed with a powder of another material almost always gives worse results than a pigment that has been previously dispersed in a liquid medium, in the presence of dispersants. When you encounter the problem of "the pigment does not color enough," it is worth asking yourself: is the problem not in the way it was added — and not in the amount.
  
  	 
  "
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  	Ovaj tekst nastao je nakon druženja srijedom na kojem se razvila rasprava o pigmentaciji gipsa. Kako nisam uspjela sve objasniti na licu mjesta, odlučila sam to složiti na papir — a principi o kojima je riječ ionako vrijede šire od samog gipsa.
  
  	1. Što je pigment — i što nije
  
  	  
  
  	Pigment je tvar koja daje boju tako što selektivno apsorbira određene valne duljine vidljivog svjetla i reflektira ostale. Crni pigment apsorbira gotovo sve valne duljine; crveni apsorbira plavu i zelenu, a reflektira crvenu. Važno je razlikovati pigment od punila. Punila su bijele ili neutralne tvari koje se dodaju u boje, premaze i mase kako bi povećala volumen, poboljšala teksturu ili snizila cijenu — ali same po sebi ne daju snažnu boju ni dobru pokrivnost. Tipična punila su kalcijev karbonat (kreda, CaCO₃), kalcijev sulfat (gips, CaSO₄), barijev sulfat i slični materijali. Razlika između pravog pigmenta i punila nije samo u boji — leži u fizikalnom svojstvu koje se zove indeks refrakcije.
  
  	2. Indeks refrakcije i pokrivnost
  
  	  
  
  	Indeks refrakcije (IR) opisuje koliko se svjetlost lomi i raspršuje kada prolazi kroz neku tvar ili nailazi na njezinu površinu. Što je veći, to čestica jače raspršuje svjetlost — i time djeluje neprozirnije, "pokrivnije". Nekoliko usporednih vrijednosti: Titanijev dioksid (TiO₂) — IR oko 2,7 → izvanredna pokrivnost, najjači bijeli pigment Cinkov oksid (ZnO) — IR oko 2,0 → dobra pokrivnost Kalcijev karbonat (CaCO₃) — IR oko 1,59 → slaba pokrivnost, punilo Kalcijev sulfat / gips (CaSO₄) — IR oko 1,52 → gotovo transparentno u vezivu, punilo Ovo znači da gips i kreda, premda su bijeli kao prah, u formulaciji premaza ili mase postaju gotovo prozirni. Ne natječu se s pigmentom — podređuju mu se. Zato mala količina pigmenta lako i ravnomjerno oboji masu na bazi gipsa ili krede, dok bi ista količina pigmenta u masi koja sadrži TiO₂ jedva bila vidljiva.
  
  	3. Aglomeracija — neprijatelj ravnomjerne boje
  
  	  
  
  	Pigmenti u prahu ne postoje kao savršeno odvojene čestice. Zbog elektrostatičkih privlačnih sila i površinske napetosti, čestice se spontano grupiraju u nakupine koje se zovu aglomerati ili agregati. Aglomeracija je posebno izražena kod: sitnih čestica (što je čestica manja, veći je omjer površine i volumena, pa su privlačne sile relativno jače) pigmenata visoke specifične površine, poput carbon blacka (čađe) uvjeta visokih temperatura ili vlage Kada se prah pigmenta umiješa u prah punila ili veziva, aglomerati se ne raspadaju — ostaju kao kompaktne nakupine. Vizualni rezultat je neujednačena boja: tamne mrlje tamo gdje su se nakupile čestice pigmenta, i blijeda područja tamo gdje ih nema. Korisnik tada zaključuje da "treba više pigmenta" — ali to nije točno. Problem nije nedostatak pigmenta, nego njegova loša raspodjela.
  
  	4. Disperzija — što znači pravilno dispergiran pigment
  
  	  
  
  	Disperzija je proces razbijanja aglomerata i ravnomjernog raspoređivanja pojedinačnih čestica pigmenta kroz medij (vodu, ulje, vezivo). Dobro dispergiran pigment znači da su čestice što ravnomjernije raspoređene — svaka čestica punila ili veziva "vidi" pigment, a ne samo susjedstvo aglomerata. Disperzija se postiže mehaničkim i kemijskim putem: Mehanički: miješanje s visokim smičnim silama (mikseri, mlinski agregati, ultrazuk). Miješanje žlicom ili lopaticom nije dovoljno za razbijanje aglomerata. Kemijski: upotreba dispergirnih sredstava (dispergatora) i surfaktanata koji se adsorbiraju na površinu čestice i sprječavaju njezino ponovno lijepljenje za susjedne čestice.
  
  	5. Zašto tekući kolorant radi bolje od pigmenta u prahu
  
  	  
  
  	Tekući koloranti nisu samo pigment otopljen u vodi. To su gotovi sustavi koji sadrže: Pigment — već dispergiran do razine pojedinačnih čestica ili vrlo malih klastera Dispergatore i surfaktante — koji drže čestice razdvojenima i sprječavaju ponovnu aglomeraciju Tekući medij — koji omogućuje da se pigment ravnomjerno rasporedi kroz materijal koji se boji još prije nego što taj materijal počne vezati ili sušiti Kada se tekući kolorant doda u vodu za miješanje (npr. kod gipsa, betona, žbuke), pigment je već u idealnom stanju disperzije. Svakom dijelu smjese ravnomjerno se isporučuje ista količina pigmenta. Efekt boje je stoga mnogo intenzivniji nego kod suho miješanog pigmenta — uz znatno manju ukupnu količinu pigmenta. Ista logika vrijedi za boje i lakove: pigmentne paste i disperzirani pigmenti daju bolju pokrivnost i ravnomjernost boje od pigmenata koji nisu prošli proces disperzije.
  
  	6. Praktična primjena — primjer gipsa
  
  	Gips je zahvalan primjer jer ilustrira sve navedene principe odjednom. Budući da ima nizak indeks refrakcije (~1,52), nije pravi bijeli pigment — u smjesi s vezivom ne pruža otpor bojanju. To znači da mala količina crnog pigmenta može lako i ravnomjerno obojiti gipsanu masu. Zašto se onda mnogima događa da moraju dodati veliki udio pigmenta u odnosu na masu gipsa? Jer pigment miješaju u obliku praha direktno u prah gipsa. Aglomerati pigmenta (posebno Fe₃O₄ ili carbon black) ostaju netaknuti, raspodjela je neujednačena, i rezultat je razočaravajući. Zaključak "treba više" je pogrešan — treba bolje.
  
  	Ispravni postupak:
  
  	  
  
  	Kolorant (ili pigment dispergiran u vodi) dodati u vodu za miješanje Dobro promiješati vodu s kolorantom Tek tada dodati gips i miješati do homogene smjese Na taj način pigment bude raspoređen kroz cijelu masu još prije nego gips počne vezati. Rezultat je ravnomjerna, intenzivna boja uz višestruko manju količinu pigmenta nego pri suhom miješanju. Za one koji nemaju pristup profesionalnim kolorantima, dobra alternativa su tekući pigmentni dodaci dostupni u trgovinama građevinskih boja — najčešće u obliku malih bočica namijenjenih nijansiranju zidnih boja. Radi se o istom principu: pigment je već dispergiran u tekućem mediju s aditivima koji sprječavaju aglomeraciju. Dodani u vodu za miješanje, daju ravnomjerniji rezultat od pigmenta u prahu uz znatno manju količinu.
  
  	Zaključak
  
  	Intenzitet i ravnomjernost boje u nekoj masi ne ovise samo o količini pigmenta — ovise o tome koliko je taj pigment dobro dispergiran. Prah pigmenta miješan u prah drugog materijala gotovo uvijek daje lošije rezultate od pigmenta koji je prethodno dispergiran u tekućem mediju, uz prisustvo dispergirnih sredstava. Kada se susretnete s problemom "pigment ne boji dovoljno", vrijedi si postaviti pitanje: nije li problem u načinu na koji je dodan — a ne u količini.
  "
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  Dunja Singer, 4th May 2026
• We visited: Warhammer World – pt.3

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  	For any Warhammer hobbyist, a visit to Warhammer World in Nottingham is a pilgrimage of sorts. It is the epicenter of the entire Games Workshop culture - a combination of global corporate headquarters, visitor center, exhibition space, gaming hall, specialty store and themed bar, all gathered in one location. It should also be taken into account that the large gaming hall hosts Grand Tournaments for all games published by Games Workshop, and since our Ivan found himself in WHW on 18.4.2026. there was a WH40k tournament on the schedule, so the experience of the exhibition, Bugman Bar, WHW store, workshops, and gaming hall was also enhanced by the grand tournament that took place that day. This series follows his adventures…
  
  	2.5. Exhibition Centre
  
  	The Exhibition Centre is the central attraction of Warhammer World and the only part of the complex that requires an entrance fee. It consists of four main areas, which together represent the largest collection of painted Warhammer miniatures in the world.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	The lineup includes: • Classic figurines, books and dioramas from the past thirty years of the hobby, in regularly rotating exhibitions.
  
  	• Thousands of expertly painted figurines, the work of the renowned 'Eavy Metal team and Army/Battlefield Painter, as seen on codex covers and in White Dwarf.
  
  	• Over 25 purpose-built dioramas with more than 20,000 models, plus numerous smaller vignettes.
  
  	• "The Battle for Angelus Prime" - the largest exhibition board that Games Workshop has ever created, on which, according to information from the exhibition, an assassin is hidden that visitors can try to find.
  
  	• Regularly changing Guest Displays - works by talented painters from the wider Warhammer community.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	The 'Eavy Metal team consists of 6 members who paint figures and dioramas full time, and the whole exhibition is terribly fascinating because the figures are painted to the highest standard, and they are quite large.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	3. General Impressions and Recommendations
  
  	It is recommended that you set aside a whole day for the trip because visiting the WHW itself takes 4-5 hours with activities. If you are flying from Zagreb, RyanAir has cheap tickets, but it flies to Stansted so you need to go from London, a direct line is not a good idea. RyanAir is quite cheap, 20 to 30 GBP per person per way. From London, there are two options that are the fastest, and that is FlixBus for 5 GBP per person per way, and the national rail which is about 50 GBP per person per way. The bus from London stops at the first station in the south of Nottingham, from which there are a couple of stops by tram to WHW. From the center, there are several ways to get to the WHW itself, from walking along the canal for 20 minutes, to the bus and tram. If you want to play, you have to book a table, and if the tournament is in progress, you also have to pay an entry fee to play in the tournament.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	All in all, a great recommendation for a visit to Warhammer World itself, which is a kind of pilgrimage for every miniaturist. The employees are extremely friendly and informative, there is a lot of content, there is something to see. With the note that in WHW itself you can buy explosives, but also do activities like in other official Warhammer stores, such as the first figures, assembling and painting, collecting figures of the month, buying White Dwarf, Combat Patrol, or starting the Battle Honors program. Definitely a warm recommendation.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	You can find more photos on our social networks.
  
  	 
  "
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  	Za svakog hobista koji se bavi Warhammerom, posjet Warhammer Worldu u Nottinghamu predstavlja svojevrsno hodočašće. Riječ je o središnjem mjestu cjelokupne Games Workshop kulture - kombinaciji globalnog korporativnog sjedišta, posjetiteljskog centra, izložbenog prostora, igračke dvorane, specijalizirane trgovine i tematskog bara, sve okupljeno na jednoj lokaciji. Također treba uzeti u obzir da se u velikoj igraćoj dvorani održavaju Grand Turniri za sve igre koje izdaje Games Workshop, a budući da se naš Ivan našao u WHW 18.4.2026. na rasporedu je bio WH40k turnir, pa je samom doživljaju izložbe, Bugman Bara, WHW dućana, radionica, i igraće hale doprinio i veliki turnir koji se odvijao taj dan. Ovaj serijal prati njegove dogodovštine…
  
  	2.5. Exhibition Centre (Izložbeni centar)
  
  	Exhibition Centre je središnja atrakcija Warhammer Worlda i jedini dio kompleksa za koji se plaća ulaznica. Sastoji se od četiri glavna područja, koja zajedno predstavljaju najveću zbirku oslikanih Warhammer figurica na svijetu.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	Postav uključuje: • Klasične figurice, knjige i diorame iz posljednjih trideset godina hobbyja, u redovno rotirajućim izložbama.
  
  	• Tisuće ekspertno oslikanih figurica, rad renomiranog 'Eavy Metal tima i Army/Battlefield Paintera, kakve se viđaju na koricama codexa i u White Dwarfu.
  
  	• Preko 25 namjenski izrađenih diorama s više od 20.000 modela, plus brojne manje vinjete.
  
  	• "The Battle for Angelus Prime" - najveću izložbenu ploču koju je Games Workshop ikada izradio, na kojoj je, prema podatku iz izložbe, skriven jedan attentat (assassin) kojeg posjetitelji mogu pokušati pronaći.
  
  	• Redovito izmjenjive Guest Displays - radove talentiranih slikara iz šire Warhammer zajednice.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	'Eavy Metal tim se sastoji od 6 članova koji full time farbaju figure i diorame, i cijela izložba je užasno fascinantna jer su figure obojane na najvišem standardu, a i poprilično su velike.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	3. Opći dojmovi i preporuke
  
  	Preprouka je da za izlet izdvojite cijeli dan jer je z posjet samom WHW potrebno sigurno 4-5 sati sa aktivnostima. Ukoliko letite iz Zagreba RyanAir ima jeftine karte, ali leti na Stantsted pa je potrebno ići iz Londona, direktna linija nije neka sreća. RyanAir je poprilično jeftin, 20 do 30 GBP po osobi po smjeru. Iz Londona postoje dvije opcije koje su najbrže, a to je FlixBus za 5 GBP po osobi po smjeru, i nacionalna željeznica koja je cca 50 GBP po osobi po smjeru. Bus iz Londona staje na prvoj stanici na jugu Nottinghama, s koje ima par stanica tramvajem do WHW. Iz centra ima više načina da doći do samog WHW, pješke uz kanal 20 minuta hoda, pa do autobusa i tramvaja. Ukoliko želite igrati morate rezervirati stol, a ako je turnir u tijeku i platiti upad za igranje na turniru.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	Sve u svemu velika preporuka za posjet samom Warhammer Worldu, koji je za svakog minijaturista određena vrsta hodočašća. Djelatnici su izrazito ljubazni i informativni, sadržaja je izuzetno puno, ima se kaj vidjeti. Uz napomenu da je u samom WHW-u mogu kupiti ekspluzive, ali i odraditi aktivnosti kao i u ostalim službenim Warhammer trgovinama, poput prvih figura, slaganja i farbanja, skupljanja figura mjeseca, kupnje Wite Dwarfa, Combat patrolea, ili početak Battle Honors programa. Svakako topla preporuka.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	Više fotografija možete naći na našim socijalnim mrežama.
  "
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  Ivan Vedak, 4th May 2026
• We visited: Warhammer World – pt.2

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  	For any Warhammer hobbyist, a visit to Warhammer World in Nottingham is a pilgrimage of sorts. It is the epicenter of the entire Games Workshop culture - a combination of global corporate headquarters, visitor center, exhibition space, gaming hall, specialty store and themed bar, all gathered in one location. It should also be taken into account that the large gaming hall hosts Grand Tournaments for all games published by Games Workshop, and since our Ivan found himself in WHW on 18.4.2026. there was a WH40k tournament on the schedule, so the experience of the exhibition, Bugman Bar, WHW store, workshops, and gaming hall was also enhanced by the grand tournament that took place that day. This series follows his adventures…
  
  	  
  
  	2. Warhammer World
  
  	2.1. General Info
  
  	Warhammer World first opened its doors to the public in 1999. Over the years, it has been expanded and renovated several times, and today it functions as Games Workshop's global visitor center - a place where collectors, gamers, painters and fans from all over the world gather. The location is at Willow Road, Lenton, Nottingham NG7 2WS, and the complex itself shares space with Games Workshop's main headquarters.
  
  	
  
  	It is important to note right away: entry to Warhammer World, the retail store, the Events Hall and Bugman's Bar is free. The only part of the complex that charges an entrance fee is the Exhibition Centre, which costs around GBP 8.50 (approx. EUR 9.80) for an adult. Opening hours are generally 10:00 - 18:00, with extended opening hours on Thursdays and Fridays (until 22:00) and Saturdays (until 20:00). The complex itself consists of four main parts.
  
  	2.2. Bugman's Bar
  
  	Bugman's Bar is a themed bar and restaurant named after Joseph Bugman, the famous dwarven brewer from the Warhammer: The Old World setting. The interior is consistently designed in the style of a dwarven fortress - stone elements, heavy wood, an anvil by the hearth, an Orc head mounted on the wall, and consistently themed lighting. It's a real "in-universe" experience that goes beyond the average shopping theme.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	The food and drink offer is designed in the style of an English pub, with thematic names of dishes. The bar is a popular place to rest between games, socialize with other players and meet friends who gather in Warhammer World from different parts of the world. Food is served from morning until 18:00, while the bar is also open after that.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	
  
  	They have their own beers and spirits named after names from Games Workshop's own lore, and they also have an exclusive, which is a chicken drumstick eating contest with jalapeño sauce, and if you succeed in that, you get a title and a little pin badge. At the time we visited, it was unavailable due to a menu change, so that's another reason for us to visit again.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	2.3. Retail Store
  
  	The Warhammer World store is significantly larger than the standard Warhammer stores found in European cities. The space is divided into two main units: one covers the complete range of Games Workshop figurines (Warhammer 40,000, Age of Sigmar, Middle-earth, Horus Heresy), while the other is dedicated to Forge World and its resin products. Special value is provided by the so-called "Warhammer World Exclusives" - models that can be purchased exclusively at this location or via their online shop. The offer also includes web-exclusive and event-exclusive models and limited editions that are sold out elsewhere. The store also has a Black Library department with books, as well as a corner for Warhammer Underworlds and other specialist products.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	In the shop itself there is a wall with all the available Warhammer colors, as they are called after the last recent rebrand. Next to that wall there is a table with about 10 seats where, with guidance, they can be assembled and painted before the figures. These are usually figures of the month, two from each game. In the store itself I bought Space Marine HQ Command tanks, Space Marine HQ Command Tanks are a Warhammer World exclusive boxed set that contains two special vehicle variants - Land Raider Excelsior and Rhino Primaris - intended for a commanding role within the Space Marine Chapter. The set comes with an exclusive Command sprue and transfer sheet. Slightly tweaked two vehicles, with a different box, and will fit perfectly into the Ultramarine army I started.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	2.4. Events Hall
  
  	The Events Hall is the heart of the social life of the Warhammer World. It is a large hall themed as the Empire castle (The Empire from the Warhammer Fantasy / The Old World setting), with an impressive number of gaming tables. Some of the tables are standard tables equipped with excellently painted Age of Sigmar and Warhammer 40k terrain, while others are special, purpose-built tables for certain scenarios - e.g. a large table for Apocalypse games, themed tables for special campaigns, Necromunda areas and the like. The hall hosts many official Games Workshop events: competitive tournaments such as Throne of Skulls, narrative events, Forge World and Black Library Open Days, and various workshops. When there are no official events, visitors can reserve a table and play a game for free with prior notice.
  
  	
  
  	  
  
  	On the Saturday when we visited, the hall itself was the venue for the Warhammer 40k Grand Tournament, so that added to the excitement because the armies themselves were beautifully decorated, and the tournament was also very exciting.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	You can find more photos on our  social networks.
  "
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  	Za svakog hobista koji se bavi Warhammerom, posjet Warhammer Worldu u Nottinghamu predstavlja svojevrsno hodočašće. Riječ je o središnjem mjestu cjelokupne Games Workshop kulture - kombinaciji globalnog korporativnog sjedišta, posjetiteljskog centra, izložbenog prostora, igračke dvorane, specijalizirane trgovine i tematskog bara, sve okupljeno na jednoj lokaciji. Također treba uzeti u obzir da se u velikoj igraćoj dvorani održavaju Grand Turniri za sve igre koje izdaje Games Workshop, a budući da se naš Ivan našao u WHW 18.4.2026. na rasporedu je bio WH40k turnir, pa je samom doživljaju izložbe, Bugman Bara, WHW dućana, radionica, i igraće hale doprinio i veliki turnir koji se odvijao taj dan. Ovaj serijal prati njegove dogodovštine…
  
  	  
  
  	2. Warhammer World
  
  	2.1. Općenito
  
  	Warhammer World javnosti je prvi put otvorio vrata 1999. godine. Kroz godine je više puta proširivan i renoviran, a danas funkcionira kao globalni posjetiteljski centar Games Workshopa - mjesto na kojem se okupljaju kolekcionari, igrači, slikari i obožavatelji iz cijelog svijeta. Lokacija je na adresi Willow Road, Lenton, Nottingham NG7 2WS, a sam kompleks dijeli prostor s glavnim sjedištem Games Workshopa.
  
  	
  
  	Važno je odmah napomenuti: ulaz u Warhammer World, retail trgovinu, Events Hall i Bugman's Bar je besplatan. Jedini dio kompleksa za koji se naplaćuje ulaznica je Exhibition Centre, a cijena je oko 8,50 GBP (cca. 9,80 EUR) za odraslu osobu. Radno vrijeme je u pravilu 10:00 - 18:00, uz produženo radno vrijeme četvrtkom i petkom (do 22:00) te subotom (do 20:00). Sam kompleks sastoji se od četiri glavne cjeline.
  
  	2.2. Bugman's Bar
  
  	Bugman's Bar tematski je bar i restoran nazvan po Josephu Bugmanu, slavnom patuljskom pivaru iz Warhammer: The Old World setting-a. Interijer je dosljedno izveden u stilu patuljaste utvrde - kameni elementi, teško drvo, nakovanj uz ognjište, glava Orka montirana na zidu, te dosljedno tematizirana rasvjeta. Pravi je "in-universe" doživljaj koji nadilazi prosječnu trgovačku tematizaciju.
  
  	
  
  	  
  
  	Ponuda hrane i pića osmišljena je u stilu engleskog pub-a, s tematskim nazivima jela. Bar je popularno mjesto za odmor između partija, druženje s drugim igračima i susrete s prijateljima koji se u Warhammer Worldu okupljaju iz raznih dijelova svijeta. Hrana se poslužuje od jutarnjih sati do 18:00, dok bar radi i nakon toga.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	Imaju svoje pive i žestice koje su nazvane po imenima iz samog lorea igara Games Worskopa, a također imaju eksluzivu, a to je natjecanje u jedenju pilećih bataka s jalapenjo umakom, pa ukoliko uspiješ u tome dobije titulu i mali pin bedž. U trenutku kada smo ih mi posjetili nije bilo dostupno zbog promjene menija, pa nam je to još jedan razlog za ponovni posjet.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	2.3. Retail Store (Trgovina)
  
  	Trgovina Warhammer Worlda znatno je veća od standardnih Warhammer trgovina koje se mogu naći u europskim gradovima. Prostor je podijeljen u dvije glavne cjeline: jedna pokriva kompletan asortiman Games Workshop figurica (Warhammer 40,000, Age of Sigmar, Middle-earth, Horus Heresy), dok je druga posvećena Forge Worldu i njegovim resin proizvodima. Posebnu vrijednost daju takozvani "Warhammer World Exclusives" - modeli koji se mogu kupiti isključivo na ovoj lokaciji ili putem njihovog online shopa. U ponudi su također web-ekskluzive i event-ekskluzive modeli te limitirana izdanja koja su drugdje rasprodana. U sklopu trgovine nalazi se i Black Library odjel s knjigama, te kutak za Warhammer Underworlds i ostale specijalističke proizvode.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	U samom dućanu se nalazi zid sa svim dostupnim Warhammer bojama, kako se nazivaju nakon zadnjeg nedavnog rebranda. Pored tog zida nalaze se I stol sa 10ak mjesta gdje uz vodstvo se mogu sastaviti i obojati pre figure. Obično su to figure mjeseca, po dvije iz svake igre. U samom dućanu sam kupio Space Marine HQ Command tanks, Space Marine HQ Command Tanks su Warhammer World ekskluzivni boxed set koji sadrži dva specijalna varijanta vozila - Land Raider Excelsior i Rhino Primaris - namijenjena zapovjednoj ulozi unutar Space Marine Chaptera. Set dolazi s ekskluzivnim Command sprueom i transfer sheetom. Malo nakinđurena dva vozila, sa drugačijom kutijom, a odlično će se uklapati u Ultramarine vojsku koju sam startao.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	2.4. Events Hall (Dvorana za događanja)
  
  	Events Hall predstavlja srž društvenog života Warhammer Worlda. Riječ je o velikoj dvorani tematiziranoj kao dvorac Imperija (The Empire iz Warhammer Fantasy / The Old World setting-a), s impresivnim brojem igraćih stolova. Dio stolova su standardni stolovi opremljeni odlično oslikanim Age of Sigmar i Warhammer 40k terenom, dok su drugi posebni, namjenski izrađeni stolovi za određene scenarije - npr. veliki stol za Apocalypse igre, tematski stolovi za posebne kampanje, površine Necromunde i slično. Dvorana je domaćin mnogim službenim Games Workshop događanjima: kompetitivnim turnirima poput Throne of Skulls, narativnim eventima, Forge World i Black Library Open Days, te različitim radionicama. Kada nema službenih događanja, posjetitelji uz prethodnu najavu mogu rezervirati stol i besplatno odigrati partiju.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	U subotu kada smo mi bili u posjeti je sama dvorana bilo mjesto održavanja Grand Torunamenta za Warhammer 40k pa je to dalo dodatnu zaniljivost jer su i same vojske bile dodatno lijepo uređenje, a i na turniru je bilo napeto.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	Više fotografija možete naći na našim socijalnim mrežama.
  "
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  Ivan Vedak, 4th May 2026
• We visited: Warhammer World - pt.1

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  	For any Warhammer hobbyist, a visit to Warhammer World in Nottingham is a pilgrimage of sorts. It is the epicenter of the entire Games Workshop culture - a combination of global corporate headquarters, visitor center, exhibition space, gaming hall, specialty store and themed bar, all gathered in one location. It should also be taken into account that the large gaming hall hosts Grand Tournaments for all games published by Games Workshop, and since our Ivan found himself in WHW on 18.4.2026. there was a WH40k tournament on the schedule, so the experience of the exhibition, Bugman Bar, WHW store, workshops, and gaming hall was also enhanced by the grand tournament that took place that day. This series follows his adventures…
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	1. Historical Context
  
  	1.1. The Founding of Games Workshop
  
  	Games Workshop was founded in 1975 in London, at 15 Bolingbroke Road. The founders were John Peake, Ian Livingstone and Steve Jackson (not to be confused with the American game designer of the same name). Initially, the company was not at all related to miniatures - they produced wooden boards for traditional games such as backgammon, manchala, mill and go. The same year, the Owl and Weasel newsletter was launched, which would later, in June 1977, evolve into the now legendary White Dwarf magazine. During the second half of the 1970s, Games Workshop became the main European distributor of the American role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, and by the end of the decade it had also started publishing its own titles. A key turning point came in 1978/1979, when Games Workshop financed the establishment of Citadel Miniatures in Newark-on-Trent (Nottinghamshire). Citadel produced metal figurines used in GW's games, and the "Citadel" brand remains synonymous with Games Workshop miniatures to this day.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	1.2. The Move to Nottingham and "Lead Belt"
  
  	The move of Games Workshop from London to Nottingham was not a one-off, but a gradual process linked to the person of Bryan Ansell. Ansell became director of Games Workshop in 1985, bought the company from Jackson and Livingstone in the late 1980s, and refocused it from role-playing games to tabletop strategy products. It was he who physically moved the company from London to Nottinghamshire to bring it closer to Citadel Miniatures. The final consolidation took place in October 1997, when all of Games Workshop's UK operations were moved to their current headquarters in Lenton, a suburb of Nottingham. This location still houses the corporate headquarters, design studio, White Dwarf magazine editorial office, European distribution centre and online sales centre. The concentration of miniatures manufacturers in the wider Nottinghamshire area has led to the area now being referred to in hobby circles as the "Lead Belt". Most of the companies that make up that belt today - Warlord Games, Mantic Games, Perry Miniatures, Wargames Foundry and others - were founded by former Games Workshop employees, which speaks of an ecosystem that has developed around one company for decades.
  
  	  
  
  	1.3. Warhammer as a product
  
  	Warhammer Fantasy Battle was first published in 1983 by Bryan Ansell, Rick Priestley and Richard Halliwell. The game literally saved Citadel from stagnation and launched the expansion of ranges of fantasy miniatures.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	Warhammer 40,000 (40k) was launched in 1987 under the original title Rogue Trader, with Rick Priestley as the main author. Over six generations of rules, the game has become the leading sci-fi wargaming franchise in the world and is now the core product of Games Workshop. The 10th edition of the rules is currently in circulation.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	You can find more photos on our social networks.
  "
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  	Za svakog hobista koji se bavi Warhammerom, posjet Warhammer Worldu u Nottinghamu predstavlja svojevrsno hodočašće. Riječ je o središnjem mjestu cjelokupne Games Workshop kulture - kombinaciji globalnog korporativnog sjedišta, posjetiteljskog centra, izložbenog prostora, igračke dvorane, specijalizirane trgovine i tematskog bara, sve okupljeno na jednoj lokaciji. Također treba uzeti u obzir da se u velikoj igraćoj dvorani održavaju Grand Turniri za sve igre koje izdaje Games Workshop, a budući da se naš Ivan našao u WHW 18.4.2026. na rasporedu je bio WH40k turnir, pa je samom doživljaju izložbe, Bugman Bara, WHW dućana, radionica, i igraće hale doprinio i veliki turnir koji se odvijao taj dan. Ovaj serijal prati njegove dogodovštine…
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	1. Povijesni kontekst
  
  	1.1. Osnutak Games Workshopa
  
  	Games Workshop osnovan je 1975. godine u Londonu, na adresi 15 Bolingbroke Road. Osnivači su bili John Peake, Ian Livingstone i Steve Jackson (ne treba ga miješati s istoimenim američkim game dizajnerom). U početku tvrtka uopće nije bila vezana uz minijature - proizvodili su drvene ploče za tradicionalne igre poput backgammona, manchale, mlina i goa. Iste godine pokrenut je i newsletter Owl and Weasel, koji će kasnije, u lipnju 1977., evoluirati u danas legendarni časopis White Dwarf. Tijekom druge polovice 1970-ih Games Workshop postaje glavni europski distributer američke role-playing igre Dungeons & Dragons, da bi krajem desetljeća počeo izdavati i vlastite naslove. Ključna prekretnica dogodila se 1978./1979. godine, kada Games Workshop financira osnivanje Citadel Miniatures u mjestu Newark-on-Trent (Nottinghamshire). Citadel je proizvodio metalne figurice koje su se koristile u GW-ovim igrama, a brand "Citadel" do danas je ostao sinonim za Games Workshop minijature.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	1.2. Preseljenje u Nottingham i "Lead Belt"
  
  	Preseljenje Games Workshopa iz Londona u Nottingham nije bilo jednokratno, već postupan proces vezan uz osobu Bryana Ansella. Ansell je 1985. godine postao direktor Games Workshopa, otkupio je tvrtku od Jacksona i Livingstonea krajem 1980-ih, te je preusmjerio s role-playing igara prema proizvodima za stolne strateške igre. Upravo on je tvrtku fizički preselio iz Londona u Nottinghamshire kako bi je približio Citadel Miniatures. Konačna konsolidacija dogodila se u listopadu 1997. godine, kada su sve britanske operacije Games Workshopa premještene u današnje sjedište u Lentonu, predgrađu Nottinghama. Na toj se lokaciji i danas nalaze korporativno sjedište, dizajn studio, redakcija časopisa White Dwarf, distribucijski centar za Europu te online prodajni centar. Koncentracija proizvođača minijatura u širem području Nottinghamshirea dovela je do toga da se čitav kraj danas u hobi krugovima naziva "Lead Belt" (Olovni pojas). Većina tvrtki koje danas čine taj pojas - Warlord Games, Mantic Games, Perry Miniatures, Wargames Foundry i druge - osnovana je od strane bivših zaposlenika Games Workshopa, što govori o ekosustavu koji se desetljećima razvijao oko jedne tvrtke.
  
  	  
  
  	1.3. Warhammer kao proizvod
  
  	Warhammer Fantasy Battle prvi je put objavljen 1983. godine, a autori su Bryan Ansell, Rick Priestley i Richard Halliwell. Igra je doslovno spasila Citadel od stagnacije i pokrenula širenje fantasy linija figurica.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	Warhammer 40,000 (40k) lansiran je 1987. godine pod izvornim nazivom Rogue Trader, a glavni autor bio je Rick Priestley. Tijekom šest generacija pravila, igra je postala vodeća sci-fi wargaming franchise na svijetu i danas predstavlja središnji proizvod Games Workshopa. Trenutno je u opticaju 10. izdanje pravila.
  
  	  
  
  	  
  
  	Više fotografija možete naći na našim socijalnim mrežama.
  "
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  Ivan Vedak, 27th April 2026
• Back to Basics Workshops in Library Medvescak

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  	In April 2026 we held our Back To Basics miniature painting workshops for the youngest in Medveščak Library.
  
  	
  
  	The workshops were completely FREE for all participants!
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	The Back to Basics method is a method of making models and miniatures that focuses on a fun process intended for younger ages, but everyone is welcome! In three separate sessions on Thursdays, participants (aged 7+) painted miniatures of their choice (knight, princess, king, wizard and barbarian). 
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	1st session: Painting miniatures of choice, Thursday, 09.04. - from 18:00 to 19:00
  
  	2nd session: Painting a miniature of your choice, Thursday, 16.04. - from 18:00 to 19:00
  
  	3rd session: Painting a miniature of your choice, Thursday, 23.04. - from 18:00 to 19:00
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  "
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  	U travnju 2026. održali smo naše Back To Basics radionice za najmlađe u Knjižnici Medveščak.
  
  	
  
  	Radionice su bile BESPLATNE za sve polaznike!
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	Back to Basics metoda je metoda izrade maketa i minijatura kojoj je fokus na zabavnom procesu namjenjenom mlađim uzrastima, ali svi su dobrodošli! U tri zasebna termina četvrtkom, polaznici (od 7+) su bojali minijature po izboru (vitez, princeza, kralj, čarobnjak i barbarin).
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	1. termin: Bojenje minijature po izboru, četvrtak, 09.04. - od 18:00 do 19:00
  
  	2. termin: Bojenje minijature po izboru, četvrtak, 16.04. - od 18:00 do 19:00
  
  	3. termin: Bojenje minijature po izboru, četvrtak, 23.04. - od 18:00 do 19:00
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  
  	
  "
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      string(19) "2015-01-18 09:20:39"
    }
  }
          

  Krunoslav Belinić, 24th April 2026

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